These are preliminary results. The paper describing this budget is in review.
The Low latency Global Carbon Budget 2025 covers January to December 2025. The CO2 growth rate from the NOAA marine boundary layer network fell by 45%, from a record 3.76 ± 0.09 ppm yr−1 in 2024 (3.73 in the 2024 edition) to 2.06 ± 0.09 ppm yr−1 in 2025, even as fossil CO2 emissions rose by 0.7% to 10.38 GtC yr−1. The global net land sink rebounded to 2.36 ± 0.16 GtC yr−1, a strengthening of 2.81 ± 0.31 GtC yr−1 from 2024. The ocean sink was similar to 2024, at 3.11 ± 0.36 GtC yr−1. The recovery was strongest in the tropics and incomplete across the northern extratropics.
Key results
Publication
Ciais, P., Ke, P., Tian, X., Sitch, S., Li, W., Du, X., et al. (2026). Low latency global carbon budget reveals strong land sink recovery in 2025. Preprint, arXiv:2609.34226. In review at National Science Review. https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.34226