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A proboscis monkey leaps between trees through wildfire smoke haze in South Kalimantan, Indonesia
Global Carbon Project
Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement
THRAC3E
CALIPSO
Future Earth
Carbon Monitor

Low latency Global Carbon Budget, July 2023–June 2024

Photo: Imam4rake, CC BY-SA 4.0

This edition covers July 2023 to June 2024 and follows the carbon cycle through the decay phase of the 2023/24 El Niño. It was the first July–June edition and was published in iScience on 10 August 2026. Atmospheric CO2 grew by 3.66 ± 0.09 ppm yr−1, the highest July-to-July growth rate since 1979. The growth-rate anomaly was mainly driven by a 2.24 GtC yr−1 weakening of the net land sink, partly offset by 0.38 GtC yr−1 stronger ocean uptake. The tropics accounted for 97.5% of the land anomaly, led by the Amazon, central Africa and Southeast Asia. The weakening of the land sink persisted through the first half of 2024, beyond the late-2023 Amazon drought.

Maps of net land and ocean CO2 flux anomalies for January–March and April–June 2024, from DGVMs and OCO-2 inversions
Net land and ocean CO2 flux anomalies for January–March (JFM) and April–June (AMJ) 2024, relative to the 2015–2022 average: mean of four DGVMs (left) and of three OCO-2 inversions (right). Positive values mean more CO2 taken up by the land (green) or the ocean (blue). Figure 2 in Ke, P., Ciais, P., Yao, Y., et al. (2026), iScience, 29(8), 117053. CC BY 4.0.

Key results

Publication

Ke, P., Ciais, P., Yao, Y., Sitch, S., Li, W., Xu, Y., et al. (2026). Low latency global carbon budget reveals land sink decline during 2023 to 2024 El Niño. iScience, 29(8), 117053. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2026.117053

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