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Global Carbon Project
Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement
THRAC3E
CALIPSO
Future Earth
Carbon Monitor

Budget 2025 in figures and graphs

Photo: Adriana Brandao (Adrisub), CC BY-SA 4.0

These are preliminary results. The paper describing this budget is in review.

Figures and graphs for 2025.

The global carbon budget, 2010–2025

Billion tonnes of carbon per year (GtC yr−1). Sources are shown above zero and sinks below zero.

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    The bottom-up budget combines fossil emissions, the NOAA marine boundary layer growth rate, ocean model emulators and dynamic global vegetation models. The budget imbalance is the part the models do not explain. The top-down budget uses the mean of the OCO-2 inversions from 2015. Point at a year to see the values.

    Atmospheric CO2 growth rate

    Parts per million per year (ppm yr−1). 1 ppm = 2.124 GtC.

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      Bars show the NOAA globally averaged marine boundary layer record (±1σ). Markers show growth rates derived from OCO-2 and GOSAT satellite data (GRESO; the mean of the two from 2015) and implied by the OCO-2 inversions.

      Net land sink by method

      GtC yr−1. Uptake is positive. Shading shows the spread across models (±1σ).

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        Ocean sink by method

        GtC yr−1. Uptake is positive. Shading shows the spread across models (±1σ).

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          In the land and ocean charts, sinks are shown as positive values: a negative net land sink means the land released CO2. Shading shows the spread across models or inversions (±1σ). Top-down estimates start in 2015, when the OCO-2 inversions begin.

          CO2 growth, El Niño and temperature, month by month

          Monthly values: CO2 growth rate (ppm yr−1), Oceanic Niño Index (°C) and global temperature anomaly (°C).

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          Top: monthly global CO2 growth rate from satellite observations (GRESO). Middle: Oceanic Niño Index (ONI); values above +0.5 °C indicate El Niño and below −0.5 °C La Niña. Bottom: global surface temperature anomaly (GISTEMP).

          Back to the 2025 budget